{"id":2745,"date":"2024-11-10T16:00:00","date_gmt":"2024-11-10T12:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/retopi.com\/magazine\/?p=2745"},"modified":"2025-06-08T15:45:26","modified_gmt":"2025-06-08T12:15:26","slug":"industrial-valves-aluminum-nickel-bronze","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/retopi.com\/magazine\/blog\/valves\/industrial-valves-aluminum-nickel-bronze\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u067e\u06cc\u0646\u06af"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647<\/strong><\/p>

\u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc<\/strong><\/span> \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0627\u062c\u0632\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u0633\u0627\u062a\u06cc \u0648 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u067e\u06cc\u0646\u06af \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0645\u0633\u06cc\u0631 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u0646\u062f. \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0698\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0632<\/strong><\/span> \u0627\u0633\u062a \u06a9\u0647 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0648\u06cc\u0698\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062e\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u06af\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u062f\u0631 \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0628 \u0648 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0645 \u067e\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062e\u062a.<\/p>

\u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0632 (Aluminum Nickel Bronze) \u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0698\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a. \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0698 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0622\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0634\u0648\u062f.<\/p>

\u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0698 \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0631\u06a9\u06cc\u0628 \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0698\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0633 (\u06f7\u06f9-\u06f8\u06f2 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f)\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645( \u06f8.\u06f5-\u06f1\u06f1.\u06f5 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f)\u060c \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644( \u06f3-\u06f5.\u06f5 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f)\u060c \u0622\u0647\u0646( \u06f2-\u06f4.\u06f5 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f) \u0648 \u0645\u0646\u06af\u0646\u0632( \u062d\u062f\u0627\u06a9\u062b\u0631 \u06f3.\u06f5 \u062f\u0631\u0635\u062f) \u062a\u0634\u06a9\u06cc\u0644 \u0634\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

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\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0648 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0698 \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0632<\/u><\/strong><\/p>

\u06f1<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>

  • \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0634\u0634\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627<\/li>
  • \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/li>
  • \u0633\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628<\/li>
  • \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627<\/li><\/ul>

    \u06f2<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>

    • \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627<\/li>
    • \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627<\/li>
    • \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u0641\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/li>
    • \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627<\/li><\/ul>

      \u06f3<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>

      • \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/li>
      • \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641<\/li>
      • \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc<\/li><\/ul>
        1. \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0622\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u0628\u06cc\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>
          • \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u06cc\u06a9\u0631\u0648\u0628\u06cc \u0637\u0628\u06cc\u0639\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0631\u0634\u062f \u0628\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u06cc\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0698\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
            \n\t\t\t\t\t
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            \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

            \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0698 \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0632 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc<\/u><\/strong><\/p>

            \u06f1<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>

            • \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0646\u06a9\u200c\u06a9\u0646\u0646\u062f\u0647 \u06a9\u0634\u062a\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/li>
            • \u067e\u0645\u067e\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627<\/li>
            • \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0622\u062a\u0634\u200c\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0646\u06cc \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/li>
            • \u062a\u062c\u0647\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0632\u06cc\u0631\u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/li><\/ul>

              \u06f2<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u062a \u0648 \u06af\u0627\u0632<\/strong><\/p>

              \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a <\/strong><\/span>\u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0628 \u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0648 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u062f\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u060c \u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0644\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u06a9\u0648\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u0641\u062a \u0648 \u06af\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062f.<\/p>

              • \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0647<\/li>
              • \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc\u0634\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc<\/li>
              • \u062a\u062c\u0647\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644<\/li><\/ul>

                \u06f3<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u067e\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>

                \u062e\u0627\u0635\u06cc\u062a \u0636\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u0646 \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc \u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u0622\u0644 \u0645\u06cc\u200c\u0633\u0627\u0632\u062f.<\/p>

                • \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/li>
                • \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0635\u0641\u06cc\u0647<\/li>
                • \u0631\u0627\u06a9\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/li><\/ul>
                  1. \u0635\u0646\u0627\u06cc\u0639 \u0646\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0648 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>

                    \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u06cc\u0633\u062a\u0645\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0648 \u0646\u06cc\u0631\u0648\u06af\u0627\u0647\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t

                    \n\t\t\t\t\t
                    \n\t\t\t\t
                    \n\t\t\t\t
                    \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

                    \u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0632<\/u><\/strong><\/p>

                    \u06f1<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0648\u067e\u06cc<\/strong> (Ball Valves)<\/strong><\/p>

                    • \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0622\u0628\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u06cc \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/li>
                    • \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0631\u06cc\u0639<\/li>
                    • \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631<\/li><\/ul>

                      \u06f2<\/strong>. \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u067e\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc <\/span>(Butterfly Valves)<\/strong><\/p>

                      • \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u200c\u062d\u062c\u0645<\/li>
                      • \u0627\u0641\u062a \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u06cc\u0646<\/li>
                      • \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0648 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/li><\/ul>

                        \u06f3<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u06cc\u06a9\u200c\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0647<\/strong> (Check Valves)<\/strong><\/p>

                        • \u062c\u0644\u0648\u06af\u06cc\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0631\u06af\u0634\u062a \u062c\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0646<\/li>
                        • \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u06cc\u06a9<\/li>
                        • \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t
                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

                          \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0628 \u0627\u0635\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0632 <\/u><\/strong><\/p>

                          \u0645\u0632\u0627\u06cc\u0627<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>

                          1. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>
                            • \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0622\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u06cc\u0627 \u0648 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0634\u0648\u0631<\/li>
                            • \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc<\/li>
                            • \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u062d\u0641\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc<\/li>
                            • \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u067e\u0648\u0634\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0636\u0627\u0641\u06cc<\/li><\/ul>
                              1. \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u06a9\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u06cc<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>
                                • \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u06a9\u0627\u0645 \u06a9\u0634\u0634\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 (\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 586 \u0645\u06af\u0627\u067e\u0627\u0633\u06a9\u0627\u0644)<\/li>
                                • \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u06cc<\/li>
                                • \u0633\u062e\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 (\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 150-160 \u0628\u0631\u06cc\u0646\u0644)<\/li>
                                • \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0633\u062a\u06af\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627<\/li>
                                • \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628<\/li><\/ul>
                                  1. \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>
                                    • \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 (\u062a\u0627 260 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u062a\u06cc\u06af\u0631\u0627\u062f)<\/li>
                                    • \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u06a9 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc<\/li>
                                    • \u0647\u062f\u0627\u06cc\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628<\/li><\/ul>
                                      1. \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0648 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>
                                        • \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc (15-20 \u0633\u0627\u0644)<\/li>
                                        • \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/li>
                                        • \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u06cc\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0631 \u0622\u0633\u0627\u0646<\/li>
                                        • \u067e\u0627\u06cc\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0628<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                                          \n\t\t\t\t\t
                                          \n\t\t\t\t
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                                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                                          \n\t\t\t\t\t
                                          \n\t\t\t\t
                                          \n\t\t\t\t
                                          \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

                                          \u0645\u0639\u0627\u06cc\u0628<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/p>

                                          1. \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>
                                            • \u0642\u06cc\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0698\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc<\/li>
                                            • \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0645 \u06af\u0631\u0627\u0646\u200c\u062a\u0631<\/li>
                                            • \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u062f\u0644\u06cc\u0644 \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u06af\u06cc \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f<\/li><\/ul>
                                              1. \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0641\u0646\u06cc<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>
                                                • \u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0628\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0698\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0628\u06a9\u200c\u062a\u0631<\/li>
                                                • \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u06cc 260 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0647)<\/li>
                                                • \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u06cc\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0634\u06cc\u0645\u06cc\u0627\u06cc\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635<\/li><\/ul>
                                                  1. \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u062f<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>
                                                    • \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0647\u06cc\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a<\/li>
                                                    • \u0641\u0631\u0622\u06cc\u0646\u062f \u0631\u06cc\u062e\u062a\u0647\u200c\u06af\u0631\u06cc \u067e\u06cc\u0686\u06cc\u062f\u0647\u200c\u062a\u0631<\/li>
                                                    • \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u06a9\u06cc\u0641\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u200c\u062a\u0631<\/li><\/ul>
                                                      1. \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u06cc<\/strong>:<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>
                                                        • \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u06cc\u062a \u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u06cc\u0632\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u06cc\u0644\u06cc \u0628\u0632\u0631\u06af<\/li>
                                                        • \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u062e\u06cc \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062e\u0627\u0635<\/li>
                                                        • \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                                                          \n\t\t\t\t\t
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                                                          \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648 \u06af\u0648\u0627\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627<\/u><\/strong><\/p>

                                                          \u06f1<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u062a\u0631\u06cc\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/p>

                                                          • ASTM B148<\/li>
                                                          • ASTM B150<\/li>
                                                          • DIN 17665<\/li><\/ul>

                                                            \u06f2<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>

                                                            • API 600<\/li>
                                                            • API 609<\/li>
                                                            • ASME B16.34<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                                                              \n\t\t\t\t\t
                                                              \n\t\t\t\t
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                                                              \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

                                                              \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/u><\/strong><\/p>

                                                              \u0634\u06cc\u0631\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0648\u0645\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0645 \u0646\u06cc\u06a9\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0632 \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0627 \u062f\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0628\u0647\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0642\u06cc \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u062f. \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0632\u06cc\u0631 \u0645\u06cc \u0628\u0627\u0634\u062f:<\/p>

                                                              \u06f1<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0631\u0633\u06cc\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u200c\u0627\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>

                                                              • \u06a9\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u062a\u06cc<\/li>
                                                              • \u0628\u0631\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u062e\u0648\u0631\u062f\u06af\u06cc<\/li>
                                                              • \u0622\u0632\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0634 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06a9\u0631\u062f<\/li><\/ul>

                                                                \u06f2<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0631\u0648\u0634\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>

                                                                • \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0646\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645<\/li>
                                                                • \u062a\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u0633\u0637\u0648\u062d<\/li>
                                                                • \u062a\u0639\u0648\u06cc\u0636 \u0622\u0628\u200c\u0628\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0627<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                                                                  \n\t\t\t\t\t
                                                                  \n\t\t\t\t
                                                                  \n\t\t\t\t
                                                                  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\"\"\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                                                                  \n\t\t\t\t\t
                                                                  \n\t\t\t\t
                                                                  \n\t\t\t\t
                                                                  \n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t

                                                                  \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0631\u0627\u062d\u06cc \u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628<\/u><\/strong><\/p>

                                                                  \u06f1<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u062a\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>

                                                                  • \u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u06a9\u0627\u0631\u06cc<\/li>
                                                                  • \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u06cc\u0627\u0644<\/li>
                                                                  • \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637 \u0646\u0635\u0628<\/li><\/ul>

                                                                    \u06f2<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0635\u0628<\/strong><\/p>

                                                                    • \u0641\u0636\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0632<\/li>
                                                                    • \u062f\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0633\u06cc \u0628\u0631\u0627\u06cc \u062a\u0639\u0645\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u062a<\/li>
                                                                    • \u0634\u0631\u0627\u06cc\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u06cc\u0637\u06cc<\/li><\/ul>

                                                                      \u0645\u0642\u0627\u06cc\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u06cc<\/strong><\/p>

                                                                      • \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0622\u0644\u06cc\u0627\u0698\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0644\u06cc<\/li>
                                                                      • \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0648\u06cc\u0633 \u0637\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u200c\u062a\u0631<\/li>
                                                                      • \u0647\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0647\u200c\u0647\u0627\u06cc \u0646\u06af\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0631\u06cc \u06a9\u0645\u062a\u0631<\/li>
                                                                      • \u0628\u0627\u0632\u06af\u0634\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0645\u0627\u06cc\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062f\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0645\u062f\u062a<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t
                                                                        \n\t\t\t\t\t
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